Everything about Cable-stayed Bridge totally explained
A
cable-stayed bridge is a
bridge that consists of one or more
columns (normally referred to as
towers or
pylons), with
cables supporting the bridge deck.
There are two major classes of cable-stayed bridges: In a
harp design, the cables are made nearly parallel by attaching cables to various points on the tower(s) so that the height of attachment of each cable on the tower is similar to the distance from the tower along the roadway to its lower attachment. In a
fan design, the cables all connect to or pass over the top of the tower(s).
The cable-stay design is the optimum bridge for a span length between that of
cantilever bridges and
suspension bridges. Within this range of span lengths a suspension bridge would require a great deal more cable, while a full cantilever bridge would require considerably more material and be substantially heavier. Of course, such assertions are not absolute for all cases.
History of development
Cable-stayed bridges can be dated back to the
1784 design of a timber bridge by German carpenter C.T. Loescher. Many early suspension bridges were of hybrid suspension and cable-stayed construction, including the
1817 footbridge at
Dryburgh Abbey, and the later
Albert Bridge (
1872) and
Brooklyn Bridge (
1883). Their designers found that the combination of technologies created a stiffer bridge, and
John A. Roebling took particular advantage of this to limit deformations due to railway loads in the
Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge.
The earliest known example of a true cable-stayed bridge in the United States is E.E. Runyon's extant steel (or perhaps iron) bridge with wooden stringers and decking in Bluff Dale, Texas (
1890). In the twentieth century, early examples of cable-stayed bridges included A. Gisclard's unusual Cassagnes bridge (
1899), where the horizontal part of the cable forces is balanced by a separate horizontal tie cable, preventing significant compression in the deck, and G. Leinekugel le Coq's bridge at Lezardrieux in Brittany (
1924).
Eduardo Torroja designed a cable-stayed aqueduct at Tempul in 1926.
Albert Caquot's
1952 concrete-decked cable-stayed bridge over the Donzére-Mondragon canal at
Pierrelatte is one of the first of the modern type, but had little influence on later development.
Extradosed bridge
The
extradosed bridge is a cable-stayed bridge but with a more substantial bridge deck that being stiffer and stronger allows the cables to be omitted close to the tower and for the towers to be lower in proportion to the span.
Cable-stayed cradle system bridge
A cradle system carries the strands within the stays from bridge deck to bridge deck, as a continuous element, eliminating anchorages in the pylons. Each epoxy-coated steel strand is carried inside the cradle in a one-inch steel tube. Each strand acts independently, allowing for removal, inspection and replacement of individual strands. The first two such bridges are the
Veterans' Glass City Skyway, completed 2007, and the
Penobscot Narrows Bridge, completed 2006.
Related bridge types
Self anchored suspension bridge
A
self-anchored suspension bridge has some similarity in principle to the cable stayed type in that tension forces that prevent the deck from dropping are converted into compression forces vertically in the tower and horizontally along the deck structure. It is also related to the
suspension bridge in having arcuate main cables with suspender cables, although the self-anchored type lacks the heavy cable anchorages of the ordinary suspension bridge. Unlike either a cable stayed bridge or a suspension bridge, the self-anchored suspension bridge must be supported by
falsework during construction and so it's more expensive to construct.
Notable cable-stayed bridges
See also: List of largest cable-stayed bridges and
Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge: the longest cable-stayed bridge in the Western Hemisphere, spanning the Cooper River in Charleston, South Carolina.
Bandra Worli Sea-Link: The new 8-lane twin carriageway cable-stayed bridge of the sea-link project and the West Island Freeway system, under construction, connects Greater Mumbai, India to the western suburbs.
Centennial Bridge: a six-lane vehicular bridge that crosses the Panama Canal with a total length of 1.05 km (3,451 ft).
Denver Millennium Bridge: A 130-foot long pedestrian bridge which won the Gold Award in 2003 from the New York Association of Consulting Engineers. The bridge is a focal point of the film "Nowhereland" starring Eddie Murphy.
Kap Shui Mun Bridge: it carries both road and railway traffic, with a main span of 430 metres and an overall length of 1323 metres, connecting Ma Wan and Lantau Island in Hong Kong as part of the Lantau Link serving Hong Kong International Airport.
Indiano Bridge over the Arno River in Florence, Italy, 1978, is the first earth-anchored cable-stayed steel bridge in the world with central planes of cables, single inclined masts, vented deck. Central span of 210 m.
Millau Viaduct is the bridge with the tallest piers in the world: 341 metres tall (1,118 ft) and roadway 270 metres high (886 ft), spanning the Tarn River in France. With a total length of 2460 m and seven towers, it also has the longest cable-stayed suspended deck in the world.
New Railroad Bridge: the first bridge in Europe to use cable-stayed girder system in the railroad industry, connects two banks of Sava river in Belgrade.
Nový Most: The world's longest cable-stayed bridge in category with one pylon and with one cable-stayed plane, spanning Danube river in Bratislava, Slovakia. The main span is 303 metres, total length 430.8 metres. The only member of World Federation of Great Towers that's primarily used as a bridge. It houses a flying-saucer restaurant at the top of pylon 85 metres high.
Oresund bridge, a combined two-track rail and four-lane road bridge with a main span of 490 metres and a total length of 7.85 km, crossing the Oresund strait between Malmö, Sweden and the Danish Capital Region.
Penang Bridge in Malaysia is the longest bridge in South East Asia, with its longest span measuring 225m. Currently being upgraded.
Rande Bridge in Spain near Vigo is the highway cable stayed bridge with the longest and slenderest span in the world at the time of construction (1977). Three long spans of 148m + 400m + 148m. Pylons in concrete, girder in composite steel-concrete.
Rio-Antirio bridge: with a total length of 2880 m and four towers, this is the bridge with the second longest cable-stayed suspended deck (2258 m long) in the world, spanning the Gulf of Corinth near Patra, Greece.
Skybridge: the world's longest transit-only bridge, spanning the Fraser River between New Westminster and Surrey, BC, Canada.
Sundial Bridge: an award-winning single spar pedestrian bridge spanning the Sacramento River in Redding, California.
Sunshine Skyway Bridge: The world's longest bridge with a cable-stayed main span; carries I-275 across Tampa Bay south of St. Petersburg, Florida, United States. The very similar looking Oresund bridge is slightly shorter but has a longer main span.
Surgut Bridge: the longest one-tower cable-stayed bridge in the world, crossing the Ob River in Siberia.
Sutong Bridge: Spans the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China. It will surpass Japan's Tatara Bridge for the world's longest cable-stay main span when it opens in 2008, but its overall length will be shorter than the Sunshine Skyway Bridge in the United States.
Tatara Bridge: has the largest span of any cable-stayed bridge at 890 metres (2,920 ft), part of a series of bridges connecting Honshū and Shikoku in Japan.
Ting Kau Bridge: the world's first major four-span (three towers) cable-stayed bridge, forming part of the road network connecting Hong Kong International Airport to other parts of Hong Kong, China.
Vasco da Gama Bridge in Lisbon, Portugal is the longest bridge in Europe, with a total length of 17.2 km (10.7 mi), including 0.829 km (0.5 mi) for the main bridge, 11.5 km (7.1 mi) in viaducts, and 4.8 km (3.0 mi) in extension roads.
Vidyasagar Setu (2nd Hooghly Bridge) in Kolkata, West Bengal, India is the longest cable-stayed bridge in the Indian subcontinent, with the main span measuring 457.2 m (1,500 feet) and total length being 823 m (2,700 feet).
Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge: the world's widest cable-stayed bridge; carries 10 lanes of Interstate 93 over the Charles River in Boston, Massachusetts. It is also the first cable-stayed bridge with an asymmetrical deck design.
Zhivopisny Bridge in Moscow, Russia, is the highest cable-stayed bridge in Europe.
Zarate-Brazo Largo Bridges over the Paranà Guazù and Paranà de las Palmas Rivers in Argentina (1977). They are the two first road and railway long span cable-stayed steel bridges in the world. Spans: 110m + 330m + 110m.Further Information
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